In short, the relationship between man and nature is complicated. We can`t go through every wild animal in the world, and the virus lurks in them. Whether it`s plague or rabies, or a variety of coronaviruses. Contact with them is risky, avoiding the point, no contact is the best choice. On the history of the strongest Xiongwen: the context of the Wuhan virus! To tell the truth, I believe that this year everyone has not been good, are worried by the epidemic of new coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, Hubei Province. The cause of the epidemic is the coronavirus, but a new version of the coronavirus, which nobody has ever touched before. Speaking of which, coronavirus has never been taken seriously before, because it`s weak. In 1912, one cat had a condition known as "infectious peritonitis," or" cat`s belly," which was photographed by someone... the first patient to leave evidence of a "cat`s belly." No one knew what the disease was all about. It wasn`t until the 1960s that it became clear that the cat`s belly was actually caused by coronavirus. There are many cats who have lost their lives because of the disease. In 1937, Bodette and Hudson first isolated coronaviruses from chickens, suggesting that coronaviruses are common in nature. By the 1950s. Scientists have studied human colds and found that half of the common colds are caused by rhinoviruses. The virus is already present in our nasal cavity, and is usually fine, and our human immune system can suppress the rhinovirus once our resistance is reduced. We couldn`t hold down the rhinovirus, so we started sneezing into a runny nose and had a fever.
rhinovirus
But rhinovirus can only be responsible for half the cold. What about the other half? Research needs to continue. In 1961, kendall and others studied some patients with unknown causes of colds, who inoculated their nasal lavage fluid directly into the cells, and found nothing and nothing special happened. That is to say, under the technical conditions of the time, nothing could be seen. They had to keep the specimens in a refrigerator at -70°C. It`s a bit gross. There`s a lot of snot in the fridge. Four years later, in 1965, two other scientists, tyrell and byno, were studying the cold virus, and two tubes of specimens remained in the fridge. Take it out for a lab review. Or take the prescription, inoculate the liquid into the cell culture, the result failed, also cannot see any special phenomenon. Inoculated in the chicken`s embryo and the result is still a failure. At last, a human test must be carried out. They were cultured in cells taken from the body. This time they finally found a virus. The virus cannot tolerate ether and is afraid of heat. The tests continued, and they inoculated the virus into human embryonic tracheal ciliated cells for culture. After several human trials and interference tests, the virus was finally isolated. At the time, the virus was named B814. The virus was inoculated into the nasal cavity of the volunteers, who all developed cold symptoms. It`s clear that this is what caused the cold. By 1967, Almeida and his colleagues had used an electron microscope to observe the new viruses, to see what they looked like, and were largely certain that they could cause the common cold. The virus was also found to be a coated RNA virus.
Photo taken by an electron microscope is flat and on the screen is a circle plus a circle around it that glows like a point. A little like the crown of the European royal family, looked down, and saw a circle, surrounded by a number of horns, with a small ball on the tip of the corner. So the virus is called coronavirus. In fact, the virus is a three-dimensional round ball, with a lot of Flammulina velutipes up and down, a bit like a Tribulus terrestris, an average diameter of 100 nm. The virus is relatively large. The genome of the virus is a single strand of positive strand RNA, about 30,000 nucleic acids in length, belonging to one of the largest RNA viruses in the genome. In 1975, the second coronavirus to cause human disease was discovered. The coronavirus is isolated from the feces of patients with diarrhea and is thought to be the cause of the diarrhea. To distinguish it from coronaviruses previously isolated from the respiratory tract of a cold patient, the two viruses were named as human respiratory coronaviruses and human enteric coronaviruses. Since the 1970s, the international unified coronavirus naming, understand the genetic structure and part of the function of the virus, the development of several indicators to identify the growth of the virus, only set indicators to test you are positive negative? You got a knife or not? Scientists have found that coronaviruses are more active in winter and spring and wilting in summer. Every cold season,15% of adults are caused by coronavirus. A lot of people don`t know about bacteria and viruses. Bacteria are a separate organism, a prokaryote that can split and reproduce on its own. But the virus is not, the virus is just a piece of genetic information, wrapped in a shell. So the virus cannot reproduce alone, it must be inserted into the cell, using the mechanism of cell division replication to expand transmission. Computer viruses are called "viruses" because they do the same thing. So it`s quite appropriate to insert yourself into another program and use it to reproduce and spread fragments of programs called computer viruses. Because bacteria are a complete organism, they die and antibiotics kill most of the bacteria. But the virus is not a complete body of life, must be inserted into other cells to play a role, whether it is a living thing or not. So it`s hard to kill. If the disease is caused by viruses rather than bacteria, then antibiotics are useless. The virus can only be repelled by the body`s powerful immune system. Most coronaviruses are not related to humans, but only infected animals. In the 20th century, only two coronaviruses were known to infect humans, and they were weak chickens. Can only cause some common colds. So there`s not much attention to the virus. No one can think of such a weak chicken can burst out of such a powerful, really despise this guy. Fortunately, coronaviruses are common in animals, so some scientists are still working on them, and that keeps some researchers. But the scientists, doing cold coronavirus research, didn`t see the benefits at the time, because the virus was too weak to cause harm to people, so they weren`t getting enough funding, and at the worst the researchers almost stopped washing their hands and carried the burden to change. Just then, a sudden disaster changed the fate of these scientists. Fortunately, the retention of a group of basic research scholars, otherwise, I am afraid CDC departments want to find a professional counterpart to ask experts are difficult. From 2002 to 2003, coronavirus was the first to show unexpected lethality, and the first trick was for us in China. Since late november 2002, a strange disease has spread quietly in guangdong. They have similar symptoms: high fever, coughing, difficulty breathing, chest radiographs showing a double lung shadow, and respiratory failure in some patients. What`s more, all kinds of antibiotics don`t work, they don`t work. From this point of view, at that time did not know exactly what the cause of the disease, is it bacteria or virus? It doesn`t look like bacteria. The disease was then called "atypical pneumonia ". Some of the first people to come into contact with the patient were soon infected, such as relatives, doctors and nurse. At the end of February 2003, a doctor in Guangzhou went to Hong Kong to join relatives`weding and stayed at the Beijing-Hua hotel in Kowloon. The doctor did not realize that he had been infected with atypical pneumonia, he took X-rays in Guangzhou, found a shadow of his lungs, he thought it was common pneumonia, took some medicine and went to Hong Kong with his family, he also had no protective measures, sneezing coughing, resulting in pollution of the surrounding environment. People who live close are actually infected. So a few of the nearest residents were admitted to hospitals in hanoi, toronto and singapore after they were in leaf hong kong, bringing the ada to various countries. Later this person is seriously ill, go to the hospital of hong kong to see a doctor, everybody SARS completely has no concept, therefore did not have the strict protection, this spread many people. A national CDC expert saw a clear mycoplasma structure and thought it was chlamydia infection. Immediately, the central media announced the news. Chlamydia is a microorganism between viruses and bacteria that can be killed with antibiotics. But many doctors found antibiotics to be ineffective, and those who questioned them at the time included the now famous Academician Chung Nam Shan, who thought it should be a virus. The problem is that the cdc didn`t strictly follow koch`s rules at the time, and there wouldn`t have been such a face beating if it had followed koch`s rules, so listen to the two episodes of koch and bass in my history of popular medicine. In fact, domestic units also detected pathogens, but at that time several units of cooperation and communication is not smooth, was foreigners in the front. By then, laboratories in the United States and Canada had confirmed that the culprit was a new type of coronavirus that had not been seen before.
Three-dimensional model of SARS virus
If it were a virus, it would be a problem, because the new virus is incurable. It depends only on the body`s immunity, but the trouble lies in the human immune system. How exactly does the immune system work? The first is the identification of foreign invaders. If it`s something in your body, it doesn`t matter. If it isn`t something of its own, call in a large number of immune cells to round up the invaders until they are wiped out. The first is the body`s immune system to know who is foreign, if not recognized, will not launch an attack. If you want to learn how to beat a tiger, you can`t beat a real tiger when you start. Let`s get a dead tiger to know and practice. Dead tigers are hard to find. In case they don`t die, it`s troublesome. Never mind, find a cat to model. Take a look at the tiger`s photo. This is the role of vaccine in making the body aware of these foreign invaders.
immunocyte
But for the SARS virus, although recognized as an outsider, but this is the first time the immune system has seen the virus, has not been seen before, do not know how much strength. I don`t know which one is good, what about it? Then adjust the firepower to the highest, start to put all kinds of big moves. But the SARS virus is very cunning, but also difficult to eliminate, the immune system eventually worked hard, although can eliminate the SARS virus, but also make a mess of the surrounding environment. This is a china shop to catch mice oh, cannot ignore oh. So the damage caused by SARS is often caused by the immune system`s own transition response to amplify the trick. Therefore, the treatment of SARS, often with glucocorticoids to reduce the immunity of people. But you can`t get too low, too low and get hit by the virus. Make sure you get rid of the virus, but there aren`t so many collateral damage. The measure is hard to handle and the price is high. Although many people have been cured by SARS, their lungs will become fibrotic and necrotic. can`t help it, in the circumstances, life-saving ah. Finally, by the summer of 2003, the weather was hot, coupled with various isolation measures. The SARS epidemic has finally stopped. For the first time, people have seen the power of the coronavirus. I didn`t expect that this guy wouldn`t do it, he wouldn`t do it, so soon he could kill. The number of sick people worldwide is about 8000, and the number of dead people is about 800. The virus seems to have disappeared from view. However, including academician zhongnanshan, people understand that the return of the virus is sooner or later the matter, this matter has no end ah!
We know the structure of dna is a double-stranded, double-helix structure, the two chains are like a zipper teeth and teeth are paired, which is equal to the same information in duplicate, in case of errors in the copying process, at least backup information, can be corrected. But coronavirus is an RNA fragment, people only have a chain, information is not redundant, want to correct error, forget it, die this heart bar. To say something bad is to say something wrong, to say it neutral, not to feel the color of horn, it is called "mutation ". In other words, you don`t know when the coronavirus is going to fight back and in what form. Who could be so on high alert with a penalty year after year? Nobody can do it. A new coronavirus was found in 2004 and 2005 each, but the two viruses remain weak. Can only cause common colds. So far, the number of coronaviruses that can infect people has increased to five, and only one can kill SARS. Almost a decade after the SARS virus disappeared, an unknown form of pneumonia emerged in the Middle East in about 2012, when Saudi Arabia Arab teamed up with Dutch scientists to isolate a coronavirus from a sample of a patient with acute pneumonia in Saudi Arabia in September. The disease was later officially named by the WHO as "Middle East Respiratory Syndrome," or" MERS ". Scientists have discovered that the virus causes diseases that are very similar to the SARS virus. I didn`t expect the coronavirus to come out there.
At first, because the disease had only sporadic cases of infection in the Middle East, and there was no pandemic, doctors and disease control departments thought MERS had a lower chance of human transmission than SARS had swept through a large area. But soon humans were beaten in the face. In 2015, a South Korean traveled to the Middle East and returned to South Korea to be diagnosed with Middle East respiratory syndrome, a patient who had directly or indirectly caused 186 infections in a short period of time. This suggests that coronavirus interpersonal transmission is a risk that cannot be ignored. As of November 2019,27 countries or regions around the world had found the disease, with nearly 2,500 patients, or about 850.This suggests that the death rate is about 30 percent, more severe than SARS. This is the second type of coronavirus found in the world that can kill people. In another eight years, the third deadly coronavirus emerged. This time it`s wuhan. The news has been flying all over the sky these days, and everyone must have understood it. Unexpectedly, the new coronavirus has a much longer incubation period than SARS. People who don`t have fever and other symptoms can spread the virus by sneezing, coughing and other droplets. So, I`m worried about the news these days. Want to say something for Wuhan and Hubei cheering words, seems to be somewhat cheap. Do what you have to do. Don`t go out, wear masks, wash your hands frequently, don`t go to crowded places. Listen to the official instructions. Anyway, I`m a nerd, and I`m not going anywhere. Viruses are something that conforms to the laws of genetic selection, which is aimed at maximizing the spread of their genes. Of course the virus has no subjective will. It`s just the natural selection of the rules of the game that makes such a result. When the virus enters the human body, it will continue to reproduce, killing people is not good for the spread of the virus, the virus is also very difficult to survive. So spreading as far as possible is the way to maximize the benefits, so the virus that doesn`t kill the host, ensures that the host has enough physical energy to wander around, and makes a competitive advantage by sneezing and coughing while walking. Over time, the hosts that are well-connected with the virus, who are at ease with each other, or even co-exist, have become so-called natural hosts. They live comfortably with the virus, and they are the source of the epidemic.
[动] Paguma larvata
Tracking the source of the SARS virus was initially suspected to be a beaver because the first person to get sick had intimate contact with the beaver. The nucleic acid of the SARS virus was found in the beaver`s body. But further studies have found that the beaver is not a natural host. No SARS virus was found in the farms of the beavers, and there were no wild beavers. But there are those in the market, where? It was, of course, on the way to the market, perhaps even passed on to the beaver. In 2005, researcher zhang shuyi of the animal institute of the chinese academy of sciences, in collaboration with researcher shi zhengli of wuhan and professor wang linfa of australia, published essay in the journal science, tested in bats for nucleic acid from a coronavirus similar to the sars virus but did not isolate the virus. In the following years, Shi Zhengli`s team made breakthroughs in the field, and in 2013, her team published a study in the journal Nature that revealed the origin of the virus by isolating a live virus similar to SARS in the feces of a bat cave in Yunnan Province.
rhinolophine
Professor Shi Zhengli`s team detected all the genes needed to assemble the SARS virus in the bat population in the region. They concluded that the SARS virus was likely to have been recombined by a variety of SARS-like viruses, which incidentally infected the beaver, which replicates and evolves in the beaver and eventually transmits the virus to humans. Take a closer look. the viral source of respiratory syndrome in the middle east may be a unimodal camel. The camel is just a second runner. In 2014, inspired by the Chinese team, scientists detected a highly homologous coronavirus to a human-infected MERS virus in a bat feces in South Africa, with clues pointing again to bats. The new type of coronavirus in Wuhan is believed to be the source of the spread of wild animals in the seafood market. We have to admire the magic of natural selection laws. That`s right, they`re banging their brains out, if the host could fly, even the mountains and rivers couldn`t stop the spread of coronavirus. But birds are far from us humans, birds lay eggs, we are mammals, and the virus is too much trouble to cross the border. Are there any flying mammals? Yeah. Who else besides the bat? Bats are huge and varied, with about 1,200 species, accounting for 20 per cent of mammalian species, second only to rodents. And like to live in groups, the cave on the top of the black pressure hanging a large area. There`s nothing like this guy.
The bat thing is also a big open class. In general, the heartbeat of small animals is very fast. Because the animal is small, the heat loss is fast, the heartbeat must be accelerated, and the body temperature must be higher, otherwise it cannot resist the rapid loss of heat. But the faster the heart beats, the shorter the lifespan. However, the bat is an alternative, people can be hot to 40 degrees, but people can live 30 years, the mouse is far from others, don`t look a little alike. During the flight, the bat`s metabolic level grows 15-16 times, compared to a run-out rodent`s metabolic level that only increases seven times, while most birds only double during the flight, and bat temperature is higher. It`s a constant fever, and in the heat, nothing works. People also often use a fever to deal with the virus. It`s just that people can`t get high fever for a long time. They don`t care. It`s a basic skill. But when the bat is resting upside down and metabolized, the virus can begin to reproduce. When the bat flies, its temperature rises and it is suppressed. It just goes back and forth, the virus wants to attack, no chance, but also die. So the bat carries a lot of viruses. Coupled with the likes of vampire bats stinging animals, it`s a flying "incubator," a flying" viral hub "... there`s also an important reason why the bat genome has more genes involved in gene repair and is far more expressed than other mammals. These genes can inhibit the replication of the virus, and it itself is fine. The devil is one foot high, the road is one foot high. natural selection mechanisms have been playing a role. Some of the viruses in bats are getting used to the heat. If the virus is transmitted to people, the human body relies on a fever to deal with these viruses, people are not afraid, you are far worse than the temperature of the bat, drizzle. Therefore, even if people have a high fever, not only cannot deal with these viruses, but burn themselves. Zhejiang University and South China Agricultural University independently discovered a coronavirus that caused severe threat to pigs in 2017 and 2018, respectively, and the source was also bats. It turns out that "second brother" is also suffering. But as the population grows, the damage to the natural environment and the habitat of bats becomes more serious, which may be why bats spread the virus to other species. More contact opportunities, often walk by the river where wet shoes. That`s one reason. The second reason may be the characteristic of our country, that is, the so-called "game ". Many of these" game ", whether wild or cultured, have not experienced strict animal quarantine. How dare you eat this? Some people are very daring, don`t you think so? Can you stop eating wild animals? It`s worthless to put your life on hold. That`s good. The epidemic has made it impossible for the whole country to have a good New Year`s Eve. This bad habit, let`s get rid of it. In short, the relationship between man and nature is complicated. We can`t go through every wild animal in the world, and the virus lurks in them. Whether it`s plague or rabies, or a variety of coronaviruses. Contact with them is risky, avoiding the point, no contact is the best choice. I`m still here to persuade everyone to shut up.
Source: Shishantang
